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Causes And Treatment Of Root Canal Disease

Why Does My Tooth Need Root Canal Treatment?

A tooth generally needs a root canal procedure because the pulpal tissue inside the tooth has become irreversibly injured because of root canal disease. The tooth pulp is composed of elements similar to any other tissue in the body and is susceptible to injury from bacterial decay, repeated or extensive dental procedures, traumatic accidents, or advanced periodontal disease. Pulpal disease occurs in an anatomically complex space termed the root canal system. When appropriate, root canal treatment is directed towards removing inflamed or abscessed tissue, disinfecting, and preparing this space to receive a biocompatible filling material. Once the root canal system has been sealed and a protective crown placed by an endodontist, the tooth can be retained as a healthy and functional member of the dental arch.

What Are the Usual Events That Trigger Root Canal Disease?

Events that may trigger root canal disease include:

• Decay: Dental decay contains bacteria that can infect the tooth pulp. Decay can progress through the outer enamel surface of the tooth into the underlying dentin, which is a hard, yet porous, structure. Ultimately, decay can invade the dental pulp and cause pulpal injury, which leads to an inflammatory condition that can potentially become an abscess. As dental decay and its associated bacteria invade the pulpal tissue, a patient may experience no discomfort or, in other instances, the pain may be acute.
• Traumatic events: The tooth pulp is vulnerable to trauma. A blow to the mouth may lead to a variety of dental injuries. A traumatized tooth may appear whole but exhibit root canal disease at a later date. A tooth may be only slightly chipped or it may be fractured to the extent that its clinical crown is broken off and the pulpal tissue is exposed. In severe situations, the root can be fractured within the bone or the tooth completely knocked out of the mouth, which is called an "avulsion." Frequently, these traumatic events will irreversibly damage the tooth pulp by causing bacterial contamination or by interfering with the tooth's blood supply and its ability to repair. Some teeth are traumatized to the extent that they are not treatable and must be removed.
• Repetitive or extensive dental procedures: The tooth pulp is also vulnerable to injury from repetitive or extensive dental procedures. Subjecting a previously injured pulp to the additional trauma of even the best planned and performed dental surgery may be enough to cause the pulpal tissue to become irreversibly inflamed and the tooth to require root canal treatment. The dentist may or may not be able to predict this outcome in advance. At times, based on the examination and treatment plan, the dentist may recommend the removal of the dental pulp before performing other planned dental procedures. In these situations, the tooth pulp is removed so that it will not become problematic at a later date under a new, and possibly complex, restoration. At times, initiating a root canal procedure through an existing restoration may compromise its integrity.
• Periodontal disease: Infection in the gum and bone around the tooth is referred to as periodontal or gum disease. Advanced periodontal disease may compromise the blood supply to the dental pulp and ultimately, bacteria may enter and infect the pulpal tissue in the root canal space.

By Clifford J. Ruddle, DDS, in collaboration with Philip M. Smith, DDS

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Endodontics: What Happens at a Root Canal Appointment?

At the root canal treatment appointment, whether it is an emergency visit or a regularly scheduled visit, the patient will be cared for by various members of a trained and professional team. A primary goal of the dental team is to make certain that the patient is comfortable physically and emotionally during every stage of treatment. In addition to relieving tooth pain, if present, the goals of endodontic treatment are to eliminate endodontic disease and move the patient towards a state of health. With modern endodontic techniques, these goals can generally be achieved. Root canal treatment may take one or more visits to complete and usually progresses through the following stages:

1. The dentist reviews the findings and recommendations from the examination and consultation visit. If any additional radiographs are needed before starting treatment, they may be taken at this time.
2. The patient is typically given a local anesthetic. With newer techniques and devices, these anesthetics can usually be administered painlessly. The tooth can be made "profoundly" numb so that the patient is completely comfortable during treatment.
3. After achieving the required level of anesthesia, the dentist "isolates" the tooth using a "dental dam." This is a sheet of rubber material that fits over the tooth to be treated and forms a tight seal around it. The rubber dam serves to keep the saliva away from the area being treated and it also prevents the various disinfecting and cleaning solutions used during the procedure within the tooth from entering the mouth.
4. After the tooth has been isolated, the dentist prepares a window (an "access" opening) through the biting surface of the tooth in order to gain access into the diseased root canal space.
5. Once the access preparation is complete, the dentist begins to "clean" the root canal space by removing the diseased pulp tissue, bacteria, and related irritants. This is done using special solutions and small flexible instruments, called "files." The solutions penetrate and clean areas of the canal where the instruments cannot physically reach.
6. As the root canal system is being cleaned, it is also being "shaped." Shaping is the process of enlarging the root canal space in such a way that it can be thoroughly cleaned and subsequently filled and sealed. A root canal space that is not properly shaped may still harbor bacteria.
7. Following cleaning and shaping procedures, the root canal space is ideally filled and sealed in all its dimensions by a dentist. This is most commonly accomplished using a sealing cement in combination with a unique material called "gutta percha." Gutta percha is a special material that can be softened with heat and then pressure molded to precisely fill the root canal space.
8. Once the tooth is three-dimensionally sealed, it is generally "provisionalized" (temporarily restored) until a more long-lasting protective restoration can be placed. A protective restoration helps minimize the chances of future tooth fracture.

By Clifford J. Ruddle, DDS, in collaboration with Philip M. Smith, DDS